Emotions and the Spirit/Mind

Chinese Medicine doesn't have a lot to say about the brain.  Although the brain is considered an "extraordinary organ" and sensory, memory and intellectual functions are attributed to it, there is not much written about its treatment clinically.  When it comes to emotions and spirit/mental capacity however, TCM  definitely has a lot to say!

Rather than assign all intellectual and emotional functioning to the brain as we do in Western medicine, TCM sees these functions as distributed throughout the body. Each Organ system in TCM is associated with an emotion and with a spirit or aspect of intellectual capacity.

Emotions are a main internal cause of disease, so too much of an emotion, or a long-suppressed emotion may cause injury to the associated Organ system.  Also, injury to an Organ can affect the intellectual/emotional aspect associated with that Organ.  Here is a basic overview of the Organs and their emotional and spirit/mental capacities.

Heart

Oh the Heart, the ruler of emotions.  We talk about heartbreak, heartache, wearing our hearts on our sleeves.  We instinctively know the heart is more than just a blood-pumping muscle.  Well, Chinese medicine thinks so too.  The Heart is considered the emperor of the Organs.  It has a close relationship with the brain and houses mental consciousness and memory, and it governs speech and sleep.  A dysfunction of the Heart can cause mental restlessness, poor memory, depression/anxiety, and insomnia.  Someone who has a Heart-type depression may speak very slowly or have trouble 'speaking from the heart'.

The emotion that affects the Heart is joy, which expands the Qi and slows it down.  You'll notice that all the other Organs are affected by emotions that seem negative (sadness, anger, fear), so why joy?  Chinese medicine believes that too much of anything - even a good thing - throws off the balance of the body.  Think of someone who is being manic - they have trouble sleeping, they may talk very fast and be very excited, they may also have trouble connecting with other people.  This can actually feel very good for a time, but it is really too much joy for the body to sustain (hence the common swing to the other end of the spectrum - depression).  On the other hand, too little joy can also injure the heart (think cold-hearted).  Excessive craving and addiction can be an aspect of Joy as well.  Want to know what Western medicine says about Joy and the Heart?  Click here.

Liver

The aspect of the mind that lives in the Liver is called the Ethereal Soul.  This is a broader, more spiritual aspect of the mind that influences our ability to see the big picture and have a sense of direction in life.  It influences our creativity, vision, and inspiration.  Giovanni Maciocia describes the Ethereal Soul's connection to the mind this way: "The Ethereal Soul is like an ocean of ideas, dreams, projects, inspiration, and the Mind can cope with only one at a time.  If the Ethereal Soul brings forth too much material from its 'ocean' without integration by the mind, the person's behavior can become somewhat chaotic."  On the other hand, without enough inspiration, the person can become depressed.

The Liver is affected by anger and its associated emotions - frustration, irritability, and depression.  Stagnation in the Liver can be a result of these emotions, but stagnation can also cause these emotions, contributing to a nasty cycle.  Excess anger makes the Liver Qi rise, which can cause headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, or vision changes.

Lungs

The Lungs house the Corporeal spirit, which deals with the very physical aspects of the world.  It's relates to our most primitive physical senses of smell and touch.  It is most affected by sadness and grief which dissolve the Qi.  The Lungs are one of the main organs involved in Qi production, so in addition to dissolving Qi, sadness and grief can keep the body from producing new Qi as well.  Symptoms may include shortness of breath, tiredness, tightness or discomfort in the chest, and frequent crying.

Worrying is another emotion that causes Lung pathology, and can also affect the Spleen.  Worrying tends to knot the Qi, causing stagnation, which can result in slight breathlessness, tight shoulders, weak voice, constant sighing, poor appetite, fatigue, and chest or epigastric discomfort.

Spleen

And speaking of the Spleen, this Organ that most people never even heard of before they went to an acupunturist is actually very important to TCM.  The TCM Spleen really includes Western medicine's spleen, pancreas, and duodenum, as well as some of the function of the thyroid and adrenal glands.   It deals with the intellectual aspects of the mind.  Besides being a major digestive organ in TCM, theability to concentrate, memorize, study, and apply critical thinking skills are all influenced by the Spleen.  Remember the last time you ate a big, heavy meal before a test?  Bad idea, right?  Too much studying can also injure the Spleen, so if you're studying for a lot of exams, be sure to eat simple, warm, nourishing meals.

Besides being affected by worry, the Spleen is also affected by pensiveness.  Similar to worry, pensiveness is brooding, constantly thinking about certain people or events, or nostalgia for the past, and can also include obsessive thoughts.  It's kind of the negative side to the healthy Spleen's ability to focus and concentrate.

Kidneys

The Kidneys are so important in Chinese medicine, as they are the foundation of all the Yin and Yang energies of the body.  They house the will-power aspect of the spirit/mind, which makes all other aspects possible.  You may have the ability to focus on your work (Spleen), but your willpower sits you down at the desk to do it.  You may have many creative ideas (Liver), but your willpower gives you the discipline to make them a reality.

The Kidneys are affected most by fear.  Fear descends the Qi, which makes sense if you think of the last time you had to speak in front of people and had the sensation of needing to use the bathroom.  Fear can be either a sudden fright, or a chronic state of fear or anxiety.  So people who live in a constant state of fear, whether from a demanding job, an abusive living situation, or living in a war zone, will probably experience some damage to their Kidney system.  Alternately, people with weak Kidneys may exhibit more anxiety or fear-based thinking.  Deficiency of the Kidneys may show physical symptoms like weak knees, chronic low back pain, and frequent urination.

Keep Acupuncture Real: What You Must Know Before You Try Dry Needling

Guest Post by Kristen Horner Warren, L.Ac, M.S., M.A., Dipl.OM

(EDITED 05/13/2015: A previous version of this article included a section titled “A few key facts about dry needling”. This section has been removed and I now encourage interested readers to consult a detailed and authoritative discussion of the same issues by the National Center for Acupuncture Safety and Integrity.)

To this point I have not spoken out about this issue because I didn’t want to get embroiled in an ugly fight, but it has come to the point that I cannot in good conscience remain quiet about a serious threat to public safety and the integrity of a profession that I love. What is that threat? It is so-called dry needling, which is another name for acupuncture performed by physical therapists, occupational therapists, massage therapists, athletic trainers, physician’s assistants, and other allied health professionals, typically after 20-30 hours of training.

I feel that I have something unique to contribute to this discussion, given that I invested the time and money required to complete a 30-hour certification in “Dry Needling for Pain Management”. This experience gave me an inside look at the training that practitioners of dry needling receive in contrast with my training as a licensed acupuncturist. The bottom line? I am gravely concerned and see dry needling as a serious threat to public safety.

This is not about defending territory

When I first learned about dry needling I was open-minded. I am not by nature territorial or competitive. My primary goal is to offer my patients the most effective treatment and I am willing to entertain the possibility that people outside of my profession could have something clinically useful to contribute to my knowledge base. In the aftermath of a major car accident in 2003 I worked closely with a physical therapist for about six months and was extraordinarily impressed his knowledge and skill. This experience caused me to have a generally positive attitude toward physical therapy as a profession.

In an effort to make a fair assessment of dry needling and out of a desire to learn, I traveled to Phoenix in 2012 to attend a three-day “Dry Needling for Pain Management Certification” course. The instructor is well-known in the field and is the author of two textbooks on the topic and I was eager to learn more about his “neurophysiological” approach to treatment.

My experience at the “Dry Needling Certification” course

There were approximately 60 other practitioners in attendance. Most of them were physical therapists, a few were chiropractors, two were physicians, and there was one other licensed acupuncturist. Friday and Saturday were devoted to lecture and the material was interesting and useful. I scribbled copious notes (we were prohibited from using laptop computers out of concern that we would surreptitiously record the class), was fascinated by the in-depth theoretical discussion surrounding how acupuncture works neurophysiologically, and was impressed by the knowledge and enthusiasm of the other students.

The practical portion of the course is where things got scary

Sunday was the practical portion of the course. We were given boxes of cheap acupuncture needles in lengths ranging from 30 to 50 millimeters. The entire group of 60 gathered around one massage table and stood on tip-toe to try to get a good view of the instructor as he needled a series of points on a volunteer subject. Then we broke off into groups of three or four to practice. Because there was only one instructor for the whole group, within a matter of moments I became the informal guide for my side of the room.

Like many things, acupuncture looks simple and easy when done by an expert yet is a lot more complicated than meets the untrained eye. Most of the other practitioners in attendance had never handled acupuncture needles before, so they were fumbling with basic skills such as how to open needle packages and handle guide tubes. This seems like a minor point but is not — clumsy handling of acupuncture needles and associated equipment can easily result in contamination of the needles and risk for infection.

As the day of needling practice proceeded, I became more and more concerned. In Chinese medicine school we spent over a year in the classroom learning about safety considerations surrounding acupuncture before we so much as touched needles. Like high school students in driver’s ed who are forced to view videos of high speed collisions and look at photographs of the mangled wreckage of a drunk driver’s cars, we spent weeks studying cases (rare as they are) of people who had been harmed by inappropriate needling. We examined dozens of CT scans which showed how very close the apex of the lungs are to the underside of the trapezius muscles. We palpated the bodies of our classmates, learning to locate critical structures by feel. We discussed the fact that movements associated with respiration and/or digestion can cause a needle placement that was initially safe to become unsafe as the patient rests with the needles in place. We were encouraged to plan our treatments to make use of lower risk points on the extremities whenever possible.

In Chinese medicine school, when we did start needling, it was under the very close supervision of an expert. I inserted hundreds of needles in my own hands, feet, and legs before I touched another person and I inserted thousands of needles in my classmates’ hands, feet, and legs before I started practicing on points on the torso, neck, and face. I had been working with needles for two years (and hundreds of hours) by the time I touched a patient.

Now I found myself in a room full of minimally supervised individuals who were being encouraged to needle “assertively” into high-risk points located over internal organs less than 20 minutes after they touched an acupuncture needle for the very first time. I scurried between groups, answering questions, clarifying point locations or correcting angle of insertion, and exclaiming “hold on a sec, don’t do it that way!!!” over and over again. Although the other students were all experts in anatomy and musculoskeletal pathology, what they lacked entirely was the very subtle “feel” that is required to needle skillfully, safely, and painlessly.

Needling is a subtle skill that takes years to master

In Chinese medicine school, my early needling training was at the hands of a man who is the tenth generation acupuncturist in his family who had begun his own training in needling at age nine. He taught me that the acupuncture needle is a delicate instrument similar to the proboscis of a mosquito. He explained that, in the hands of a master acupuncturist, a needle is a living thing, an extension of the fingertips. The skilled and mindful acupuncturist can feel very clearly what is going on at the tip of the needle at all times. With this very careful attention, it is possible to feel when one’s needle tip is approaching structures that ought not be penetrated, such as nerves, blood vessels, the periosteum (the membrane surrounding bones), or the membrane surrounding internal organs.

The nature of the dry needling course made instruction in these types of subtleties impossible. One of the advantages being so busy answering questions during the practical portion of the course is that I was not subject to much needling myself. The exclamations of those who were being needled made it clear, however, that “painless” is not a description that could be attached to the techniques that were being used. I saw several rapidly developing bruises resulting from blood vessels that had been nicked, as well as heard the howls of a couple of practice subjects whose delicate periosteum had been plowed into by an incorrectly angled or too-deep needle.

Ignorant people overestimate their knowledge and skill because they are so ignorant that they don’t know they are ignorant

By the end of the day most of the students had needled each point no more than a few times (and clumsily at that), yet in his closing comments the instructor encouraged all of us to leap into the practice of dry needling the next morning at our respective clinics. My heart sank at the thought of how many patients these new “practitioners” would come into contact with. At best they would provide a painful and ineffective experience with acupuncture and at worst they could cause serious injury.  There was no discussion of the fact that three days of training is a tiny drop in the bucket of what is required to become competent with needles. The other professionals in that weekend course left on Sunday evening believing that they were fully qualified at something that I am well aware that I have still not mastered after nearly four years of formal education and over twelve years of full time clinical practice.

The whole experience made me think of the Dunning-Kruger Effect. According to the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology:

The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias wherein unskilled individuals suffer from illusory superiority, mistakenly assessing their ability to be much higher than is accurate. This bias is attributed to a metacognitive inability of the unskilled to recognize their ineptitude. Conversely, highly skilled individuals tend to underestimate their relative competence, erroneously assuming that tasks which are easy for them are also easy for others.

In plain English: Ignorant people overestimate their knowledge and skill because they are so ignorant that they don’t know they are ignorant.

Based on my experience attending a dry needling certification, this explains exactly what is going on with physical therapists and other professionals who are practicing (and teaching) dry needling — having made no effort to understand the rich history, subtle skill, and extensive training involved with real acupuncture, practitioners of dry needling assume that the training of Licensed Acupuncturists is limited to “superstitious” or “archaic” notions such as Qi, meridians, Yin, and Yang. Having made this assumption, they further assume that a physical therapist’s extensive knowledge of anatomy qualifies them to wield needles with nothing more than a weekend’s training.

It is dangerous when any medical professional overestimates their ability

This state of affairs is dangerous, a fact that has been borne out by several recent cases in which high-profile patients have been injured by practitioners of dry needling (although a couple of these articles refer to “acupuncture” as opposed to “dry needling” the training of the practitioners involved is similar to what I experienced in the dry needling course). You can read about these cases here.

Olympic skier attributes collapsed lung to dry needling

Canadian olympian’s nightmare after dry needling collapses her lung

Andrew Llyod Webber’s health woes blamed on acupuncture

References

 Dry Needling and Violations of the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and Food and Drug Association Rules

 Asian Medicine and Acupuncture Society of Arizona Position on Physical Therapists and Non-Licensees Using Dry Needling

 CPT Assistant: Coding Clarification – Trigger Point Injections Using “Dry Needling” Technique

National Chiropractic Council letter to Oregon Medical Board  Doctor fined $35,000 for Medicare fraud related to dry needling

 American Physical Therapy Association: Physical Therapy & the Performance of Dry Needling

 Oregon Board Physical Therapist Licensing Board: Updated Statement Related to Physical Therapists Using the Intervention of Dry Needling